The ability to navigate genres and text structures including cause and effect, compare and contrast, problem and solution, definition, simple listing, chronological listing, and argument. Knowledge of text structures enables readers to navigate and leverage common text features to build deep comprehension (e.g., title, table of contents, graphs, icons, tables, charts, illustrations with captions, etc.).

Every text contains purpose(s), characteristics, and signal words that readers interact with. Explicit instruction in text structures and their features enhances comprehension, particularly among expository reading comprehension (Hebert et al., 2016; Oakhill, Cain, & Elbro, 2015; IES, 2010; NICHD, 2000). 

• Teaching students to identify patterns such as cause-effect, problem-solution, and compare-contrast improves their ability to understand, organize, and retain information from expository texts. 
• Text structure awareness reduces cognitive load, allowing readers to anticipate, predict, organize, and recall information more effectively.
• Teaching signal words can assist students in identifying clue words that signal the use of a certain structure.
• Students can visually represent text information through specific graphic organizers (i.e., Venn diagram for Compare/Contrast, timeline for chronological sequence), to support both reading comprehension and written expression.

Researcher to Consult: Kate Cain

The use of graphic organizers, classroom videos, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSGX34Zf82c&t=140s